GandG.cloud - User contributions [en]

Sodium Selenite

2023-09-13T14:22:44Z

Ellie Poynton:

Sodium Selenite (R1425) is considered a hazardous chemical – it has acute toxicity if inhaled or ingested, and leads to eye and skin irritation if contact occurs.

It’s listed under Hazard Class 6.1, which is the same class as arsenic, cyanide, lead and pesticides.

[https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0698.htm#:~:text=The%20substance%20is%20irritating%20to,Medical%20observation%20is%20indicated.&text=Evaporation%20at%2020%C2%B0C,%2C%20however%2C%20be%20reached%20quickly. See the International Programme on Chemical Safety's page for more information.]

If we use this ingredient, it needs to be kept essentially quarantined away from everything else.

When moving or using it, everything must be observed and signed off by Quality, and PPE such as filter respirator masks have to be worn.

It’s also quite toxic to the environment so we have to be extremely careful that it is stored and disposed of correctly.

While it is technically an approved form of selenium, the risks are far too high to use it.

The high selenium content is what makes it so toxic – Sodium Selenite is 45% selenium, whereas other forms in Access are 2% at most. This means there is also a risk of the Sodium Selenite not being mixed into powder blends properly – such a small amount gets used (e.g. 25g in an 80kg mix) that it’s hard to verify whether it’s dispersed evenly.

I would recommend R1159 L-Selenomethionine instead – this is selenium bonded to an amino acid so is more readily available. We tend to have this in stock all the time, and it’s much cheaper than the Sodium Selenite.
[[Category:Ingredients]]

Sodium Selenite

2023-09-13T14:16:43Z

Ellie Poynton:

Sodium Selenite is considered a hazardous chemical – it has acute toxicity if inhaled or ingested, and leads to eye and skin irritation.

It’s listed under Hazard Class 6.1, which is the same class as arsenic, cyanide, lead and pesticides.

[https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0698.htm#:~:text=The%20substance%20is%20irritating%20to,Medical%20observation%20is%20indicated.&text=Evaporation%20at%2020%C2%B0C,%2C%20however%2C%20be%20reached%20quickly. See the International Programme on Chemical Safety's page for more information.]

If we bring this into the building, it needs to be kept essentially quarantined away from everything else.
When moving or using it, everything must be observed and signed off by Quality, and PPE such as filter respirator masks have to be worn.

It’s also extremely toxic to the environment so we have to be extremely careful that it is stored and disposed of correctly.

It is technically an approved form of selenium, but the risks are far too large that we will not use it.
It is so toxic due to the high content of selenium – Sodium Selenite is 45% selenium, other forms in Access are 2% at most.

There is also a risk of this form not being blended properly – such a small amount gets used (e.g. 25g in an 80kg mix) that it’s hard to verify whether it’s dispersed evenly.

I would recommend R1159 L-Selenomethionine instead – this is selenium bonded to an amino acid so is more readily available. We tend to have this in stock all the time, and it’s much cheaper than the Sodium Selenite.
[[Category:Ingredients]]

Sodium Selenite

2023-09-13T14:16:02Z

Ellie Poynton:

Sodium Selenite

2023-09-13T14:15:24Z

Ellie Poynton: Created page with "Sodium Selenite is considered a hazardous chemical – it has acute toxicity if inhaled or ingested, and leads to eye and skin irritation. It’s listed under Hazard Class 6.1, which is the same class as arsenic, cyanide, lead and pesticides. See the International Programme on Chemical Safety's page for more information: https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0698.htm#:~:text=The%20substance%20is%20irritating%20to,Medical%20observation%20is%20indicated.&text=Ev..."

Sodium Selenite is considered a hazardous chemical – it has acute toxicity if inhaled or ingested, and leads to eye and skin irritation.

It’s listed under Hazard Class 6.1, which is the same class as arsenic, cyanide, lead and pesticides.

See the International Programme on Chemical Safety's page for more information: https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0698.htm#:~:text=The%20substance%20is%20irritating%20to,Medical%20observation%20is%20indicated.&text=Evaporation%20at%2020%C2%B0C,%2C%20however%2C%20be%20reached%20quickly.

If we bring this into the building, it needs to be kept essentially quarantined away from everything else.
When moving or using it, everything must be observed and signed off by Quality, and PPE such as filter respirator masks have to be worn.

It’s also extremely toxic to the environment so we have to be extremely careful that it is stored and disposed of correctly.

It is technically an approved form of selenium, but the risks are far too large that we will not use it.
It is so toxic due to the high content of selenium – Sodium Selenite is 45% selenium, other forms in Access are 2% at most.

There is also a risk of this form not being blended properly – such a small amount gets used (e.g. 25g in an 80kg mix) that it’s hard to verify whether it’s dispersed evenly.

I would recommend R1159 L-Selenomethionine instead – this is selenium bonded to an amino acid so is more readily available. We tend to have this in stock all the time, and it’s much cheaper than the Sodium Selenite.

Lecithin

2023-09-07T15:11:52Z

Ellie Poynton:

Soya Lecithin is generally comprised of:
* Phospholipids: 45 – 72%
** Phosphatidyl Choline: 18 – 24%
** Phosphatidyl Inositol: 15 – 18%
** Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine: 8 – 20%
** Other Phosphatides: 4 – 10%
*** Phosphatidyl Serine: 0 – 0.9%
*** Phosphatic Acid: 4 – 8%
* Soybean Oil: 33 – 35%
* Other: 8 – 11%
** Free Carbohydrates: 5%
** Sterols: 2 – 5%
** Moisture: 1%

The main component of Lecithin is Phosphatidyl Choline – they are so closely associated that they are often referred to interchangeably.
The phospholipids are all comprised of the same base structure, with a different chemical group attached. For example, Phosphatidyl Choline has a Choline group attached to the base Phosphatidyl structure. Phosphatidyl Choline (PC) and Phosphatidyl Serine (PS) are both phospholipids – we can convert PC to PS in the body, but not vice versa. PC uses another phospholipid, Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (PE), to make PS. Therefore, it is more worthwhile to supplement PC and PE.
These phospholipids all work to protect the proper function of our cells as the phospholipid bilayer - a barrier on all cells that ensures the chemicals in our body stay where they’re supposed to. PS and PE make up the inner cell layer, supported on the outer cell layer by PC.
All of these phospholipids work to support brain health together – a balance of all is needed to ensure that they are used by the body effectively and efficiently. Lecithin offers an ideal ratio of these phospholipids, rather than over-supplementing just one.

Sunflower lecithin should be the same as above, without the soybean oil, sunflower oil instead.
[[Category:Ingredients]]

Liposomal Supplements

2023-06-23T09:08:04Z

Ellie Poynton:

There is currently little protection on marketing a product as ‘liposomal’, thus there are many false products - these are usually a blend of the nutrient and a fat complex, rather than the nutrient being coated in the fat complex.

‘True’ liposomal powders are expensive compared to their base nutrient, there is no ‘cheaper option’ on the market unless you want to use a false product.

Our current options are products from LipoCellTech, and the Lehvoss Liposomal PureWay C®.

For more data on Liposomal Supplements, please see below.
----
Liposomal supplements are easier for the body to absorb, and allow more of the active ingredient to reach the target area as it is protected by a fat-like coating. Of course, this is dependent on the active ingredient. For example, L-Glutathione is not stable in aqueous solutions (which is required to form the liposome barrier), and as such Liposomal Glutathione is not recommended.

The active ingredient is ‘micro-encapsulated’ inside miniscule fat-like particles called phospholipids, thereby protecting it, allowing it to better survive the digestive process and enter the intestines. This means that there is a greater uptake of the active ingredient within cells, rather than just the blood stream – this results in a greater efficacy of treatment.

[[File:Liposome.png|center|250px|caption]]

The liposome encapsulating the active ingredient is made up of the same phospholipids as our cell membranes, thus the body ‘recognises’ the supplement as its own material, leading to greater absorption rates. The liposome is then used in the body, meaning there are no ‘waste’ ingredients – unlike many supplements that require an inert carrier.

Liposomal supplements were first only available in liquid form - the fat-like particles are evenly dispersed within the aqueous solvent. Removing the water from this solution is a specialised process that is likely to damage the phospholipid layer coating the nutrient if not done correctly. As such, there are many false products on the market - usually these are just the desired nutrient mixed with a fat complex to make a powder blend, but this is not a true liposomal supplement. Real liposomal supplements are expensive compared to their base nutrient, as there is a complex process to have the nutrient be encapsulated by the liposome.

Liposomal Supplements

2023-06-02T14:04:30Z

Ellie Poynton:

Liposomal supplements are easier for the body to absorb, and allow more of the active ingredient to reach the target area.

The active ingredient is ‘micro-encapsulated’ inside miniscule fat-like particles called phospholipids, thereby protecting it, allowing it to better survive the digestive process and enter the intestines. This means that there is a greater uptake of the active ingredient within cells, rather than just the blood stream – this results in a greater efficacy of treatment.

[[File:Liposome.png|center|500px|caption]]

The liposome encapsulating the active ingredient is made up of the same phospholipids as our cell membranes, thus the body ‘recognises’ the supplement as its own material, leading to greater absorption rates. The liposome is then used in the body, meaning there are no ‘waste’ ingredients – unlike many supplements that require an inert carrier.

This form of supplement is rather expensive compared to the typical ingredients.

File:Liposome.png

2023-06-02T13:57:54Z

Ellie Poynton:

Liposomal Supplements

2023-06-02T13:56:10Z

Ellie Poynton: Created page with "Liposomal supplements are easier for the body to absorb, and allow more of the active ingredient to reach the target area. The active ingredient is ‘micro-encapsulated’ inside miniscule fat-like particles called phospholipids, thereby protecting it, allowing it to better survive the digestive process and enter the intestines. This means that there is a greater uptake of the active ingredient within cells, rather than just the blood stream – this results in a great..."

Liposomal supplements are easier for the body to absorb, and allow more of the active ingredient to reach the target area.

The active ingredient is ‘micro-encapsulated’ inside miniscule fat-like particles called phospholipids, thereby protecting it, allowing it to better survive the digestive process and enter the intestines. This means that there is a greater uptake of the active ingredient within cells, rather than just the blood stream – this results in a greater efficacy of treatment.

The liposome encapsulating the active ingredient is made up of the same phospholipids as our cell membranes, thus the body ‘recognises’ the supplement as its own material, leading to greater absorption rates. The liposome is then used in the body, meaning there are no ‘waste’ ingredients – unlike many supplements that require an inert carrier.

This form of supplement is rather expensive compared to the typical ingredients.

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)

2023-05-23T14:14:28Z

Ellie Poynton: /* Summary */

==Summary==
Pangamic acid, which has also been referred to as B15, has no widely accepted chemical identity - it is considered <q>not an identifiable substance</q> by the FDA as different substances have all been sold under the name <q>Pangamic acid</q>. There is also some evidence to suggest Pangamic acid could be dangerous and potentially carcinogenic.

''Due the dubious and potentially dangerous nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

In some texts, Pangamic acid and [[Dimethylglycine (B16)|Dimethylglycine (DMG)]] are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''

''However, this product should not be marketed towards pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, as there have been no extensive studies proving its safety.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamin B15==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamin B15 is not recognised as a vitamin[2][3], as it is not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 if they contain Pangamic Acid.
==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Pangamic Acid (or Pangamate)==
This compound was patented in the 1950s by the Krebses, who then termed it vitamin B15 themselves. It is not recognized as a vitamin[4] as it not essential to life – in fact there is no scientific evidence[5] of any real nutritional value. There is also no data to support the various claims made by Krebs of pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’.

According to the FDA[6], there is no accepted chemical identity for pangamic acid that has been determined, and as such it is considered “not an identifiable substance”. Suppliers have been known to sell different chemical compounds all under the name ‘pangamic acid’. Due to the dubious nature of pangamic acid, the FDA has made attempts to take it off the market entirely, and has recommended the seizure of any chemicals being advertised as pangamic acid.

There is also no proven way of manufacturing what Krebs claims is pangamic acid[7] – attempts by other researchers to synthesise it using Krebs’ patented method all proved unsuccessful, which demonstrates that the supposed method is not reproducible or reliable.

Pangamic acid does appear to be quite popular in the athletic community as somewhat of a ‘natural performance enhancer’, with claims it can improve exercise endurance[8]. However, in a double-blind study by Northern Kentucky University[9][10], it was concluded that pangamic acid does not improve short-term exercise performance.

In conclusion, despite claims for pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’, all evidence of this appears to be purely anecdotal and not backed by proper research. In fact, Krebs has even been labelled a conman[11], and has promoted several substances as cancer cures and cure-alls. There is also evidence to suggest that pangamic acid is actually unsafe – an assay has shown that chemicals like pangamic acid have a 90% probability of being carcinogenic[12].

''Due to all the controversy surrounding it, G&G will not supply, or manufacture products marketed as containing, pangamic acid or any derivative thereof. This also extends to products marketed as B15.''
----
'''References'''
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 18/01/2023
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/vitamin-b/ B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/ Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-490/pangamic-acid PANGAMIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/32/7/1534/4692179?redirectedFrom=PDF&login=false Pangamic acid (“vitamin B15”) | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cpg-sec-457100-pangamic-acid-and-pangamic-acid-products-unsafe-food-and-drug-use CPG Sec. 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use | FDA] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://archive.org/details/controversiesinn0000unse/page/160/mode/2up Controversies in nutrition: Internet Archive] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.rxlist.com/pangamic_acid/supplements.htm Pangamic Acid: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7162387/ The effect of pangamic acid on maximal treadmill performance - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://tahomaclinic.com/Private/Articles4/Dimethylglycine/Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle.pdf Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [[wikipedia:Ernst_T._Krebs|Ernst T. Krebs]] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/370392 Vitamin B15—whatever it is, it won't help | JAMA] Accessed 19/01/2023

[[Category:Ingredients]]

Calcium Gluconate

2023-03-13T14:23:26Z

Ellie Poynton:

Calcium Gluconate is typically formed by Calcium Carbonate undergoing the [[Neutralisation Reaction|neutralisation reaction]] with Gluconic Acid.
----

'''What is the [[Neutralisation Reaction|neutralisation reaction]]?'''

When we talk about how acidic something is, we generally talk in terms of pH. pH exists as a 1 – 14 scale, with 7 being a perfectly neutral pH – this is where pure water sits.

Acidic and alkaline substances, when combined, will react to form a different product, with water as a ‘waste product’. The pH of the resulting product is 7 – the acid and alkali have neutralised each other.

In this case, Calcium Carbonate and Gluconic Acid neutralise each other to form Calcium Gluconate.
Calcium Carbonate is an alkaline, and has a pH higher than 7. Gluconic acid is acidic, and has a pH lower than 7. The resulting product, Calcium Gluconate, typically has a pH between 6 and 8.

Calcium Carbonate is commonly found in rocks, most notably as limestone. It is typically extracted by mining or quarrying.
[[Category:Ingredients]]

Calcium Gluconate

2023-03-13T14:22:04Z

Ellie Poynton:

Calcium Gluconate

2023-03-13T14:21:18Z

Ellie Poynton:

Calcium Gluconate is typically formed by Calcium Carbonate undergoing the neutralisation reaction with Gluconic Acid.
----

'''What is the neutralisation reaction?'''

When we talk about how acidic something is, we generally talk in terms of pH. pH exists as a 1 – 14 scale, with 7 being a perfectly neutral pH – this is where pure water sits.

Acidic and alkaline substances, when combined, will react to form a different product, with water as a ‘waste product’. The pH of the resulting product is 7 – the acid and alkali have neutralised each other.

In this case, Calcium Carbonate and Gluconic Acid neutralise each other to form Calcium Gluconate.
Calcium Carbonate is an alkaline, and has a pH higher than 7. Gluconic acid is acidic, and has a pH lower than 7. The resulting product, Calcium Gluconate, typically has a pH between 6 and 8.

Calcium Carbonate is commonly found in rocks, most notably as limestone. It is typically extracted by mining or quarrying.

Neutralisation Reaction

2023-03-13T14:20:21Z

Ellie Poynton:

Many mineral supplements are created by the Neutralisation Reaction.

This is when an acid and an alkali combine to form a salt and water.
----
'''What is the neutralisation reaction?'''

When we talk about how acidic something is, we generally talk in terms of pH. pH exists as a 1 – 14 scale, with 7 being a perfectly neutral pH – this is where pure water sits.

[[File:PH_scale.jpg|600px|center|pH scale]]

Acidic and alkaline substances, when combined, will react to form a salt, with water as a ‘waste product’. The acid and alkali will neutralise each other, and bring the pH closer to the neutral 7.
If the correct amount of each is used, the resulting salt will have the perfect neutral pH of exactly 7.

Let's take table salt as an example.

Table salt, also known as Sodium Chloride (NaCl), is created by a neutralisation reaction, and generally sits at a pH of 7.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is very acidic, with a pH of about 3.
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is very alkaline, with a pH generally between 10 and 13.

These two undergo the neutralisation reaction when mixed to form Sodium Chloride, i.e. table salt.

[[File:NeutralisationReactionNaCl.jpg|center|Neutralisation Reaction]]
The pH of the mixture evens out to a neutral 7.

Neutralisation Reaction

2023-03-13T14:18:28Z

Ellie Poynton:

Many mineral supplements are created by the Neutralisation Reaction.

'''What is the neutralisation reaction?'''

When we talk about how acidic something is, we generally talk in terms of pH. pH exists as a 1 – 14 scale, with 7 being a perfectly neutral pH – this is where pure water sits.

[[File:PH_scale.jpg|600px|center|pH scale]]

Acidic and alkaline substances, when combined, will react to form a salt, with water as a ‘waste product’. The acid and alkali will neutralise each other, and bring the pH closer to the neutral 7.
If the correct amount of each is used, the resulting salt will have the perfect neutral pH of exactly 7.

Let's take table salt as an example.

Table salt, also known as Sodium Chloride (NaCl), is created by a neutralisation reaction, and generally sits at a pH of 7.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is very acidic, with a pH of about 3.
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is very alkaline, with a pH generally between 10 and 13.

These two undergo the neutralisation reaction when mixed to form Sodium Chloride, i.e. table salt.

[[File:NeutralisationReactionNaCl.jpg|center|Neutralisation Reaction]]
The pH of the mixture evens out to a neutral 7.

Neutralisation Reaction

2023-03-13T14:17:46Z

Ellie Poynton:

Many mineral supplements are created by the Neutralisation Reaction.

'''What is the neutralisation reaction?'''

When we talk about how acidic something is, we generally talk in terms of pH. pH exists as a 1 – 14 scale, with 7 being a perfectly neutral pH – this is where pure water sits.

[[File:PH_scale.jpg|600px|center|caption]]

Acidic and alkaline substances, when combined, will react to form a salt, with water as a ‘waste product’. The acid and alkali will neutralise each other, and bring the pH closer to the neutral 7.
If the correct amount of each is used, the resulting salt will have the perfect neutral pH of exactly 7.

Let's take table salt as an example.

Table salt, also known as Sodium Chloride (NaCl), is created by a neutralisation reaction, and generally sits at a pH of 7.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is very acidic, with a pH of about 3.
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is very alkaline, with a pH generally between 10 and 13.

These two undergo the neutralisation reaction when mixed to form Sodium Chloride, i.e. table salt.

[[File:NeutralisationReactionNaCl.jpg|center|caption]]
The pH of the mixture evens out to a neutral 7.

Neutralisation Reaction

2023-03-13T14:17:21Z

Ellie Poynton: Created page with "Many mineral supplements are created by the Neutralisation Reaction. '''What is the neutralisation reaction?''' When we talk about how acidic something is, we generally talk in terms of pH. pH exists as a 1 – 14 scale, with 7 being a perfectly neutral pH – this is where pure water sits. caption Acidic and alkaline substances, when combined, will react to form a salt, with water as a ‘waste product’. The acid and alkali will..."

Many mineral supplements are created by the Neutralisation Reaction.

'''What is the neutralisation reaction?'''

When we talk about how acidic something is, we generally talk in terms of pH. pH exists as a 1 – 14 scale, with 7 being a perfectly neutral pH – this is where pure water sits.

[[File:PH_scale.jpg|600px|center|caption]]

Acidic and alkaline substances, when combined, will react to form a salt, with water as a ‘waste product’. The acid and alkali will neutralise each other, and bring the pH closer to the neutral 7.
If the correct amount of each is used, the resulting salt will have the perfect neutral pH of exactly 7.

Let's take table salt as an example.

Table salt, also known as Sodium Chloride (NaCl), is created by a neutralisation reaction, and generally sits at a pH of 7.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is very acidic, with a pH of about 3.
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is very alkaline, with a pH generally between 10 and 13.

These two undergo the neutralisation reaction when mixed to form Sodium Chloride, i.e. table salt.

[[File:NeutralisationReactionNaCl.jpg|center|caption]]
The pH of the mixture evens out to a neutral 7.

File:NeutralisationReactionNaCl.jpg

2023-03-13T14:10:48Z

Ellie Poynton:

File:PH scale.jpg

2023-03-13T11:26:29Z

Ellie Poynton:

Calcium Gluconate

2023-03-13T11:19:28Z

Ellie Poynton: Created page with "Calcium Gluconate is typically formed by Calcium Carbonate undergoing the neutralisation reaction with Gluconic Acid. ===What is the neutralisation reaction?=== When we talk about how acidic something is, we generally talk in terms of pH. pH exists as a 1 – 14 scale, with 7 being a perfectly neutral pH – this is where pure water sits. Acidic and alkaline substances, when combined, will react to form a different product, with water as a ‘waste product’. The pH..."

Calcium Gluconate is typically formed by Calcium Carbonate undergoing the neutralisation reaction with Gluconic Acid.

===What is the neutralisation reaction?===

When we talk about how acidic something is, we generally talk in terms of pH. pH exists as a 1 – 14 scale, with 7 being a perfectly neutral pH – this is where pure water sits.

Acidic and alkaline substances, when combined, will react to form a different product, with water as a ‘waste product’. The pH of the resulting product is 7 – the acid and alkali have neutralised each other.

In this case, Calcium Carbonate and Gluconic Acid neutralise each other to form Calcium Gluconate.
Calcium Carbonate is an alkaline, and has a pH higher than 7. Gluconic acid is acidic, and has a pH lower than 7. The resulting product, Calcium Gluconate, typically has a pH between 6 and 8.

Calcium Carbonate is commonly found in rocks, most notably as limestone. It is typically extracted by mining or quarrying.

Dimethylglycine (B16)

2023-02-10T11:40:32Z

Ellie Poynton:

==Summary==
While B16 is not recognised as a true vitamin, products containing Dimethylglycine (DMG) can be marketed as B16.

''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture Dimethylglycine and products marketed as B16.''
''However, this product should not be marketed towards pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, as there have been no extensive studies proving its safety.''

In some texts, [[Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)|Pangamic acid]] and Dimethylglycine are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''Due to the dubious and potentially dangerous nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamin B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamin B16 is not recognised as a vitamin[2][3], as it is not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B16 if they contain Dimethylglycine.

==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Dimethylglycine (DMG)==
Upon the discovery of DMG, it was referred to as vitamin B16. It has also been labelled alongside pangamic acid as B15[4]. However, it cannot be classified as a vitamin as it is made by the human body, and it is not essential to life. DMG has many supposed uses[5], however there is little to no scientific evidence to support these claims. As an example, one alleged benefit of DMG is the treatment of autism spectrum disorders - however in a double-blind study[6], there was no significant change seen in children treated with DMG.

Although DMG does not appear to have any proven health benefits itself, it does have a link to the amino acid Glycine. Amino acids are the building blocks of life; all living things need amino acids to carry out bodily functions. A study performed on pregnant women[7] discovered that DMG helps to contribute Glycine to human development. DMG is also being studied with promising potential as an addition to vaccines and other immunotherapies as a way to make these treatments more effective[8][9].

DMG doesn’t seem to have any controversies surrounding it like pangamic acid does, and is safe to supplement when used short-term. The safety of long-term use has yet to be fully determined. There have been no extensive studies into the possible effects of supplementing DMG in pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, so it would be advised to avoid its use in these circumstances[10][11].

''G&G is willing to supply, or manufacture products containing, DMG. G&G is also willing to manufacture products marketed as B16 if they contain DMG.''
----
'''References'''
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 18/01/2023
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/vitamin-b/ B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/ Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS] Accessed 19/01/2023
# Earl Mindell’s New Vitamin Bible (2011 Reprint)
# [https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/dimethylglycine Dimethylglycine | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11305684/ Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18029477/ Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6163829/ Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1691258/ Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-859/dimethylglycine-dmg DIMETHYLGLYCINE (DMG): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.rxlist.com/dimethylglycine/supplements.htm Dimethylglycine: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions] Accessed 19/01/2023
[[Category:Ingredients]]

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)

2023-02-10T11:38:22Z

Ellie Poynton: /* Vitamins B15 and B16 */

==Summary==
Pangamic acid, which has also been referred to as B15, has no widely accepted chemical identity - it is considered <q>not an identifiable substance</q> by the FDA - different substances have all been sold under the name <q>Pangamic acid</q>. There is also some evidence to suggest Pangamic acid could be dangerous and potentially carcinogenic.

''Due the dubious and potentially dangerous nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

In some texts, Pangamic acid and [[Dimethylglycine (B16)|Dimethylglycine (DMG)]] are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''

''However, this product should not be marketed towards pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, as there have been no extensive studies proving its safety.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamin B15==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamin B15 is not recognised as a vitamin[2][3], as it is not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 if they contain Pangamic Acid.
==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Pangamic Acid (or Pangamate)==
This compound was patented in the 1950s by the Krebses, who then termed it vitamin B15 themselves. It is not recognized as a vitamin[4] as it not essential to life – in fact there is no scientific evidence[5] of any real nutritional value. There is also no data to support the various claims made by Krebs of pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’.

According to the FDA[6], there is no accepted chemical identity for pangamic acid that has been determined, and as such it is considered “not an identifiable substance”. Suppliers have been known to sell different chemical compounds all under the name ‘pangamic acid’. Due to the dubious nature of pangamic acid, the FDA has made attempts to take it off the market entirely, and has recommended the seizure of any chemicals being advertised as pangamic acid.

There is also no proven way of manufacturing what Krebs claims is pangamic acid[7] – attempts by other researchers to synthesise it using Krebs’ patented method all proved unsuccessful, which demonstrates that the supposed method is not reproducible or reliable.

Pangamic acid does appear to be quite popular in the athletic community as somewhat of a ‘natural performance enhancer’, with claims it can improve exercise endurance[8]. However, in a double-blind study by Northern Kentucky University[9][10], it was concluded that pangamic acid does not improve short-term exercise performance.

In conclusion, despite claims for pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’, all evidence of this appears to be purely anecdotal and not backed by proper research. In fact, Krebs has even been labelled a conman[11], and has promoted several substances as cancer cures and cure-alls. There is also evidence to suggest that pangamic acid is actually unsafe – an assay has shown that chemicals like pangamic acid have a 90% probability of being carcinogenic[12].

''Due to all the controversy surrounding it, G&G will not supply, or manufacture products marketed as containing, pangamic acid or any derivative thereof. This also extends to products marketed as B15.''
----
'''References'''
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 18/01/2023
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/vitamin-b/ B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/ Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-490/pangamic-acid PANGAMIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/32/7/1534/4692179?redirectedFrom=PDF&login=false Pangamic acid (“vitamin B15”) | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cpg-sec-457100-pangamic-acid-and-pangamic-acid-products-unsafe-food-and-drug-use CPG Sec. 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use | FDA] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://archive.org/details/controversiesinn0000unse/page/160/mode/2up Controversies in nutrition: Internet Archive] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.rxlist.com/pangamic_acid/supplements.htm Pangamic Acid: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7162387/ The effect of pangamic acid on maximal treadmill performance - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://tahomaclinic.com/Private/Articles4/Dimethylglycine/Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle.pdf Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [[wikipedia:Ernst_T._Krebs|Ernst T. Krebs]] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/370392 Vitamin B15—whatever it is, it won't help | JAMA] Accessed 19/01/2023

[[Category:Ingredients]]

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)

2023-02-10T11:35:12Z

Ellie Poynton:

==Summary==
Pangamic acid, which has also been referred to as B15, has no widely accepted chemical identity - it is considered <q>not an identifiable substance</q> by the FDA - different substances have all been sold under the name <q>Pangamic acid</q>. There is also some evidence to suggest Pangamic acid could be dangerous and potentially carcinogenic.

''Due the dubious and potentially dangerous nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

In some texts, Pangamic acid and [[Dimethylglycine (B16)|Dimethylglycine (DMG)]] are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''

''However, this product should not be marketed towards pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, as there have been no extensive studies proving its safety.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamins B15 and B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamins B15 and B16 are not recognised as vitamins[2][3], as they are not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 or B16 if they contain the appropriate ingredients.

We can refer to these by their chemical names - B15; Pangamic Acid, and B16; Dimethylglycine.
==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Pangamic Acid (or Pangamate)==
This compound was patented in the 1950s by the Krebses, who then termed it vitamin B15 themselves. It is not recognized as a vitamin[4] as it not essential to life – in fact there is no scientific evidence[5] of any real nutritional value. There is also no data to support the various claims made by Krebs of pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’.

According to the FDA[6], there is no accepted chemical identity for pangamic acid that has been determined, and as such it is considered “not an identifiable substance”. Suppliers have been known to sell different chemical compounds all under the name ‘pangamic acid’. Due to the dubious nature of pangamic acid, the FDA has made attempts to take it off the market entirely, and has recommended the seizure of any chemicals being advertised as pangamic acid.

There is also no proven way of manufacturing what Krebs claims is pangamic acid[7] – attempts by other researchers to synthesise it using Krebs’ patented method all proved unsuccessful, which demonstrates that the supposed method is not reproducible or reliable.

Pangamic acid does appear to be quite popular in the athletic community as somewhat of a ‘natural performance enhancer’, with claims it can improve exercise endurance[8]. However, in a double-blind study by Northern Kentucky University[9][10], it was concluded that pangamic acid does not improve short-term exercise performance.

In conclusion, despite claims for pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’, all evidence of this appears to be purely anecdotal and not backed by proper research. In fact, Krebs has even been labelled a conman[11], and has promoted several substances as cancer cures and cure-alls. There is also evidence to suggest that pangamic acid is actually unsafe – an assay has shown that chemicals like pangamic acid have a 90% probability of being carcinogenic[12].

''Due to all the controversy surrounding it, G&G will not supply, or manufacture products marketed as containing, pangamic acid or any derivative thereof. This also extends to products marketed as B15.''
----
'''References'''
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 18/01/2023
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/vitamin-b/ B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/ Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-490/pangamic-acid PANGAMIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/32/7/1534/4692179?redirectedFrom=PDF&login=false Pangamic acid (“vitamin B15”) | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cpg-sec-457100-pangamic-acid-and-pangamic-acid-products-unsafe-food-and-drug-use CPG Sec. 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use | FDA] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://archive.org/details/controversiesinn0000unse/page/160/mode/2up Controversies in nutrition: Internet Archive] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.rxlist.com/pangamic_acid/supplements.htm Pangamic Acid: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7162387/ The effect of pangamic acid on maximal treadmill performance - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://tahomaclinic.com/Private/Articles4/Dimethylglycine/Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle.pdf Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [[wikipedia:Ernst_T._Krebs|Ernst T. Krebs]] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/370392 Vitamin B15—whatever it is, it won't help | JAMA] Accessed 19/01/2023

[[Category:Ingredients]]

Dimethylglycine (B16)

2023-02-10T11:33:38Z

Ellie Poynton:

==Summary==
''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture Dimethylglycine (DMG) and products marketed as B16.''
''However, this product should not be marketed towards pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, as there have been no extensive studies proving its safety.''

In some texts, [[Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)|Pangamic acid]] and Dimethylglycine are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''Due to the dubious and potentially dangerous nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamins B15 and B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamins B15 and B16 are not recognised as vitamins[2][3], as they are not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 or B16 if they contain the appropriate ingredients.

We can refer to these by their chemical names - B15; Pangamic Acid, and B16; Dimethylglycine.

==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Dimethylglycine (DMG)==
Upon the discovery of DMG, it was referred to as vitamin B16. It has also been labelled alongside pangamic acid as B15[4]. However, it cannot be classified as a vitamin as it is made by the human body, and it is not essential to life. DMG has many supposed uses[5], however there is little to no scientific evidence to support these claims. As an example, one alleged benefit of DMG is the treatment of autism spectrum disorders - however in a double-blind study[6], there was no significant change seen in children treated with DMG.

Although DMG does not appear to have any proven health benefits itself, it does have a link to the amino acid Glycine. Amino acids are the building blocks of life; all living things need amino acids to carry out bodily functions. A study performed on pregnant women[7] discovered that DMG helps to contribute Glycine to human development. DMG is also being studied with promising potential as an addition to vaccines and other immunotherapies as a way to make these treatments more effective[8][9].

DMG doesn’t seem to have any controversies surrounding it like pangamic acid does, and is safe to supplement when used short-term. The safety of long-term use has yet to be fully determined. There have been no extensive studies into the possible effects of supplementing DMG in pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, so it would be advised to avoid its use in these circumstances[10][11].

''G&G is willing to supply, or manufacture products containing, DMG. G&G is also willing to manufacture products marketed as B16 if they contain DMG.''
----
'''References'''
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 18/01/2023
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/vitamin-b/ B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/ Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS] Accessed 19/01/2023
# Earl Mindell’s New Vitamin Bible (2011 Reprint)
# [https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/dimethylglycine Dimethylglycine | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11305684/ Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18029477/ Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6163829/ Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1691258/ Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-859/dimethylglycine-dmg DIMETHYLGLYCINE (DMG): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.rxlist.com/dimethylglycine/supplements.htm Dimethylglycine: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions] Accessed 19/01/2023
[[Category:Ingredients]]

Dimethylglycine (B16)

2023-02-10T11:32:18Z

Ellie Poynton:

==Summary==
''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''
''However, this product should not be marketed towards pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, as there have been no extensive studies proving its safety.''

In some texts, [[Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)|Pangamic acid]] and Dimethylglycine (DMG) are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''Due to the dubious and potentially dangerous nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamins B15 and B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamins B15 and B16 are not recognised as vitamins[2][3], as they are not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 or B16 if they contain the appropriate ingredients.

We can refer to these by their chemical names - B15; Pangamic Acid, and B16; Dimethylglycine.

==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Dimethylglycine (DMG)==
Upon the discovery of DMG, it was referred to as vitamin B16. It has also been labelled alongside pangamic acid as B15[4]. However, it cannot be classified as a vitamin as it is made by the human body, and it is not essential to life. DMG has many supposed uses[5], however there is little to no scientific evidence to support these claims. As an example, one alleged benefit of DMG is the treatment of autism spectrum disorders - however in a double-blind study[6], there was no significant change seen in children treated with DMG.

Although DMG does not appear to have any proven health benefits itself, it does have a link to the amino acid Glycine. Amino acids are the building blocks of life; all living things need amino acids to carry out bodily functions. A study performed on pregnant women[7] discovered that DMG helps to contribute Glycine to human development. DMG is also being studied with promising potential as an addition to vaccines and other immunotherapies as a way to make these treatments more effective[8][9].

DMG doesn’t seem to have any controversies surrounding it like pangamic acid does, and is safe to supplement when used short-term. The safety of long-term use has yet to be fully determined. There have been no extensive studies into the possible effects of supplementing DMG in pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, so it would be advised to avoid its use in these circumstances[10][11].

''G&G is willing to supply, or manufacture products containing, DMG. G&G is also willing to manufacture products marketed as B16 if they contain DMG.''
----
'''References'''
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 18/01/2023
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/vitamin-b/ B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/ Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS] Accessed 19/01/2023
# Earl Mindell’s New Vitamin Bible (2011 Reprint)
# [https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/dimethylglycine Dimethylglycine | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11305684/ Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18029477/ Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6163829/ Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1691258/ Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-859/dimethylglycine-dmg DIMETHYLGLYCINE (DMG): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.rxlist.com/dimethylglycine/supplements.htm Dimethylglycine: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions] Accessed 19/01/2023
[[Category:Ingredients]]

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)

2023-02-10T11:30:07Z

Ellie Poynton:

Dimethylglycine (B16)

2023-02-10T11:29:41Z

Ellie Poynton:

==Summary==
''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''
''However, this product should not be marketed towards pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, as there have been no extensive studies proving its safety.''

In some texts, [[Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)|Pangamic acid]] and Dimethylglycine (DMG) are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''Due the dubious and potentially dangerous nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamins B15 and B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamins B15 and B16 are not recognised as vitamins[2][3], as they are not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 or B16 if they contain the appropriate ingredients.

We can refer to these by their chemical names - B15; Pangamic Acid, and B16; Dimethylglycine.

==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Dimethylglycine (DMG)==
Upon the discovery of DMG, it was referred to as vitamin B16. It has also been labelled alongside pangamic acid as B15[4]. However, it cannot be classified as a vitamin as it is made by the human body, and it is not essential to life. DMG has many supposed uses[5], however there is little to no scientific evidence to support these claims. As an example, one alleged benefit of DMG is the treatment of autism spectrum disorders - however in a double-blind study[6], there was no significant change seen in children treated with DMG.

Although DMG does not appear to have any proven health benefits itself, it does have a link to the amino acid Glycine. Amino acids are the building blocks of life; all living things need amino acids to carry out bodily functions. A study performed on pregnant women[7] discovered that DMG helps to contribute Glycine to human development. DMG is also being studied with promising potential as an addition to vaccines and other immunotherapies as a way to make these treatments more effective[8][9].

DMG doesn’t seem to have any controversies surrounding it like pangamic acid does, and is safe to supplement when used short-term. The safety of long-term use has yet to be fully determined. There have been no extensive studies into the possible effects of supplementing DMG in pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, so it would be advised to avoid its use in these circumstances[10][11].

''G&G is willing to supply, or manufacture products containing, DMG. G&G is also willing to manufacture products marketed as B16 if they contain DMG.''
----
'''References'''
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 18/01/2023
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/vitamin-b/ B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/ Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS] Accessed 19/01/2023
# Earl Mindell’s New Vitamin Bible (2011 Reprint)
# [https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/dimethylglycine Dimethylglycine | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11305684/ Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18029477/ Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6163829/ Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1691258/ Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-859/dimethylglycine-dmg DIMETHYLGLYCINE (DMG): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.rxlist.com/dimethylglycine/supplements.htm Dimethylglycine: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions] Accessed 19/01/2023
[[Category:Ingredients]]

Dimethylglycine (B16)

2023-02-10T11:28:55Z

Ellie Poynton: Created page with "==Summary== ''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.'' ''However, this product should not be marketed towards pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, as there have been no extensive studies proving its safety.'' In some texts, Pangamic acid and Dimethylglycine (DMG) are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals. ''Due the dubious and potentially dangerous nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply..."

==Summary==
''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''
''However, this product should not be marketed towards pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, as there have been no extensive studies proving its safety.''

In some texts, Pangamic acid and Dimethylglycine (DMG) are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''Due the dubious and potentially dangerous nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamins B15 and B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamins B15 and B16 are not recognised as vitamins[2][3], as they are not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 or B16 if they contain the appropriate ingredients.

We can refer to these by their chemical names - B15; Pangamic Acid, and B16; Dimethylglycine.

==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Dimethylglycine (DMG)==
Upon the discovery of DMG, it was referred to as vitamin B16. It has also been labelled alongside pangamic acid as B15[4]. However, it cannot be classified as a vitamin as it is made by the human body, and it is not essential to life. DMG has many supposed uses[5], however there is little to no scientific evidence to support these claims. As an example, one alleged benefit of DMG is the treatment of autism spectrum disorders - however in a double-blind study[6], there was no significant change seen in children treated with DMG.

Although DMG does not appear to have any proven health benefits itself, it does have a link to the amino acid Glycine. Amino acids are the building blocks of life; all living things need amino acids to carry out bodily functions. A study performed on pregnant women[7] discovered that DMG helps to contribute Glycine to human development. DMG is also being studied with promising potential as an addition to vaccines and other immunotherapies as a way to make these treatments more effective[8][9].

DMG doesn’t seem to have any controversies surrounding it like pangamic acid does, and is safe to supplement when used short-term. The safety of long-term use has yet to be fully determined. There have been no extensive studies into the possible effects of supplementing DMG in pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, so it would be advised to avoid its use in these circumstances[10][11].

''G&G is willing to supply, or manufacture products containing, DMG. G&G is also willing to manufacture products marketed as B16 if they contain DMG.''
----
'''References'''
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 18/01/2023
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/vitamin-b/ B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/ Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS] Accessed 19/01/2023
# Earl Mindell’s New Vitamin Bible (2011 Reprint)
# [https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/dimethylglycine Dimethylglycine | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11305684/ Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18029477/ Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6163829/ Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1691258/ Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-859/dimethylglycine-dmg DIMETHYLGLYCINE (DMG): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.rxlist.com/dimethylglycine/supplements.htm Dimethylglycine: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions] Accessed 19/01/2023
[[Category:Ingredients]]

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)

2023-02-10T11:28:34Z

Ellie Poynton:

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)

2023-02-10T11:19:12Z

Ellie Poynton:

==Summary==
Pangamic acid, which has also been referred to as B15, has no widely accepted chemical identity - it is considered <q>not an identifiable substance</q> by the FDA. Different substances have all been sold under the name <q>Pangamic acid</q>. There is also some evidence to suggest Pangamic acid could be dangerous and potentially carcinogenic.

''Due the dubious nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

In some texts, Pangamic acid and Dimethylglycine (DMG) are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''

''However, this product should not be marketed towards pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, as there have been no extensive studies proving its safety.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamins B15 and B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamins B15 and B16 are not recognised as vitamins[2][3], as they are not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 or B16 if they contain the appropriate ingredients.

We can refer to these by their chemical names - B15; Pangamic Acid, and B16; Dimethylglycine.
==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Pangamic Acid (or Pangamate)==
This compound was patented in the 1950s by the Krebses, who then termed it vitamin B15 themselves. It is not recognized as a vitamin[4] as it not essential to life – in fact there is no scientific evidence[5] of any real nutritional value. There is also no data to support the various claims made by Krebs of pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’.

According to the FDA[6], there is no accepted chemical identity for pangamic acid that has been determined, and as such it is considered “not an identifiable substance”. Suppliers have been known to sell different chemical compounds all under the name ‘pangamic acid’. Due to the dubious nature of pangamic acid, the FDA has made attempts to take it off the market entirely, and has recommended the seizure of any chemicals being advertised as pangamic acid.

There is also no proven way of manufacturing what Krebs claims is pangamic acid[7] – attempts by other researchers to synthesise it using Krebs’ patented method all proved unsuccessful, which demonstrates that the supposed method is not reproducible or reliable.

Pangamic acid does appear to be quite popular in the athletic community as somewhat of a ‘natural performance enhancer’, with claims it can improve exercise endurance[8]. However, in a double-blind study by Northern Kentucky University[9][10], it was concluded that pangamic acid does not improve short-term exercise performance.

In conclusion, despite claims for pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’, all evidence of this appears to be purely anecdotal and not backed by proper research. In fact, Krebs has even been labelled a conman[11], and has promoted several substances as cancer cures and cure-alls. There is also evidence to suggest that pangamic acid is actually unsafe – an assay has shown that chemicals like pangamic acid have a 90% probability of being carcinogenic[12].

''Due to all the controversy surrounding it, G&G will not supply, or manufacture products marketed as containing, pangamic acid or any derivative thereof. This also extends to products marketed as B15.''

==Dimethylglycine (DMG)==
Upon the discovery of DMG, it was referred to as vitamin B16. It has also been labelled alongside pangamic acid as B15[13]. However, it cannot be classified as a vitamin as it is made by the human body, and it is not essential to life. DMG has many supposed uses[14], however there is little to no scientific evidence to support these claims. As an example, one alleged benefit of DMG is the treatment of autism spectrum disorders - however in a double-blind study[15], there was no significant change seen in children treated with DMG.

Although DMG does not appear to have any proven health benefits itself, it does have a link to the amino acid Glycine. Amino acids are the building blocks of life; all living things need amino acids to carry out bodily functions. A study performed on pregnant women[16] discovered that DMG helps to contribute Glycine to human development. DMG is also being studied with promising potential as an addition to vaccines and other immunotherapies as a way to make these treatments more effective[17][18].

DMG doesn’t seem to have any controversies surrounding it like pangamic acid does, and is safe to supplement when used short-term. The safety of long-term use has yet to be fully determined. There have been no extensive studies into the possible effects of supplementing DMG in pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, so it would be advised to avoid its use in these circumstances[19][20].

''G&G is willing to supply, or manufacture products containing, DMG. G&G is also willing to manufacture products marketed as B16 if they contain DMG.''
----
'''References'''
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 18/01/2023
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/vitamin-b/ B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/ Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-490/pangamic-acid PANGAMIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/32/7/1534/4692179?redirectedFrom=PDF&login=false Pangamic acid (“vitamin B15”) | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cpg-sec-457100-pangamic-acid-and-pangamic-acid-products-unsafe-food-and-drug-use CPG Sec. 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use | FDA] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://archive.org/details/controversiesinn0000unse/page/160/mode/2up Controversies in nutrition: Internet Archive] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.rxlist.com/pangamic_acid/supplements.htm Pangamic Acid: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7162387/ The effect of pangamic acid on maximal treadmill performance - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://tahomaclinic.com/Private/Articles4/Dimethylglycine/Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle.pdf Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [[wikipedia:Ernst_T._Krebs|Ernst T. Krebs]] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/370392 Vitamin B15—whatever it is, it won't help | JAMA] Accessed 19/01/2023
# Earl Mindell’s New Vitamin Bible (2011 Reprint)
# [https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/dimethylglycine Dimethylglycine | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11305684/ Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18029477/ Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6163829/ Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1691258/ Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-859/dimethylglycine-dmg DIMETHYLGLYCINE (DMG): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.rxlist.com/dimethylglycine/supplements.htm Dimethylglycine: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions] Accessed 19/01/2023
[[Category:Ingredients]]

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)

2023-02-10T11:18:49Z

Ellie Poynton:

==Summary==
Pangamic acid, which has also been referred to as B15, has no widely accepted chemical identity - it is considered <q>not an identifiable substance</q> by the FDA. Different substances have all been sold under the name <q>Pangamic acid</q>. There is also some evidence to suggest Pangamic acid could be dangerous and potentially carcinogenic.

''Due the dubious nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''
In some texts, Pangamic acid and Dimethylglycine (DMG) are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''

''However, this product should not be marketed towards pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, as there have been no extensive studies proving its safety.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamins B15 and B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamins B15 and B16 are not recognised as vitamins[2][3], as they are not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 or B16 if they contain the appropriate ingredients.

We can refer to these by their chemical names - B15; Pangamic Acid, and B16; Dimethylglycine.
==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Pangamic Acid (or Pangamate)==
This compound was patented in the 1950s by the Krebses, who then termed it vitamin B15 themselves. It is not recognized as a vitamin[4] as it not essential to life – in fact there is no scientific evidence[5] of any real nutritional value. There is also no data to support the various claims made by Krebs of pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’.

According to the FDA[6], there is no accepted chemical identity for pangamic acid that has been determined, and as such it is considered “not an identifiable substance”. Suppliers have been known to sell different chemical compounds all under the name ‘pangamic acid’. Due to the dubious nature of pangamic acid, the FDA has made attempts to take it off the market entirely, and has recommended the seizure of any chemicals being advertised as pangamic acid.

There is also no proven way of manufacturing what Krebs claims is pangamic acid[7] – attempts by other researchers to synthesise it using Krebs’ patented method all proved unsuccessful, which demonstrates that the supposed method is not reproducible or reliable.

Pangamic acid does appear to be quite popular in the athletic community as somewhat of a ‘natural performance enhancer’, with claims it can improve exercise endurance[8]. However, in a double-blind study by Northern Kentucky University[9][10], it was concluded that pangamic acid does not improve short-term exercise performance.

In conclusion, despite claims for pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’, all evidence of this appears to be purely anecdotal and not backed by proper research. In fact, Krebs has even been labelled a conman[11], and has promoted several substances as cancer cures and cure-alls. There is also evidence to suggest that pangamic acid is actually unsafe – an assay has shown that chemicals like pangamic acid have a 90% probability of being carcinogenic[12].

''Due to all the controversy surrounding it, G&G will not supply, or manufacture products marketed as containing, pangamic acid or any derivative thereof. This also extends to products marketed as B15.''

==Dimethylglycine (DMG)==
Upon the discovery of DMG, it was referred to as vitamin B16. It has also been labelled alongside pangamic acid as B15[13]. However, it cannot be classified as a vitamin as it is made by the human body, and it is not essential to life. DMG has many supposed uses[14], however there is little to no scientific evidence to support these claims. As an example, one alleged benefit of DMG is the treatment of autism spectrum disorders - however in a double-blind study[15], there was no significant change seen in children treated with DMG.

Although DMG does not appear to have any proven health benefits itself, it does have a link to the amino acid Glycine. Amino acids are the building blocks of life; all living things need amino acids to carry out bodily functions. A study performed on pregnant women[16] discovered that DMG helps to contribute Glycine to human development. DMG is also being studied with promising potential as an addition to vaccines and other immunotherapies as a way to make these treatments more effective[17][18].

DMG doesn’t seem to have any controversies surrounding it like pangamic acid does, and is safe to supplement when used short-term. The safety of long-term use has yet to be fully determined. There have been no extensive studies into the possible effects of supplementing DMG in pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, so it would be advised to avoid its use in these circumstances[19][20].

''G&G is willing to supply, or manufacture products containing, DMG. G&G is also willing to manufacture products marketed as B16 if they contain DMG.''
----
'''References'''
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 18/01/2023
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/vitamin-b/ B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/ Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-490/pangamic-acid PANGAMIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/32/7/1534/4692179?redirectedFrom=PDF&login=false Pangamic acid (“vitamin B15”) | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cpg-sec-457100-pangamic-acid-and-pangamic-acid-products-unsafe-food-and-drug-use CPG Sec. 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use | FDA] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://archive.org/details/controversiesinn0000unse/page/160/mode/2up Controversies in nutrition: Internet Archive] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.rxlist.com/pangamic_acid/supplements.htm Pangamic Acid: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7162387/ The effect of pangamic acid on maximal treadmill performance - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://tahomaclinic.com/Private/Articles4/Dimethylglycine/Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle.pdf Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [[wikipedia:Ernst_T._Krebs|Ernst T. Krebs]] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/370392 Vitamin B15—whatever it is, it won't help | JAMA] Accessed 19/01/2023
# Earl Mindell’s New Vitamin Bible (2011 Reprint)
# [https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/dimethylglycine Dimethylglycine | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11305684/ Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18029477/ Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6163829/ Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1691258/ Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite - PubMed] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-859/dimethylglycine-dmg DIMETHYLGLYCINE (DMG): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews] Accessed 19/01/2023
# [https://www.rxlist.com/dimethylglycine/supplements.htm Dimethylglycine: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions] Accessed 19/01/2023
[[Category:Ingredients]]

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)

2023-02-10T10:58:39Z

Ellie Poynton:

==Summary==
Pangamic acid, which has also been referred to as B15, has no widely accepted chemical identity - it is considered <q>not an identifiable substance</q> by the FDA. Different substances have all been sold under the name <q>Pangamic acid</q>. There is also some evidence to suggest Pangamic acid could be dangerous and potentially carcinogenic.

''Due the dubious nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

In some texts, Pangamic acid and Dimethylglycine (DMG) are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamins B15 and B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamins B15 and B16 are not recognised as vitamins[2][3], as they are not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 or B16 if they contain the appropriate ingredients.

We can refer to these by their chemical names - B15; Pangamic Acid, and B16; Dimethylglycine.
==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Pangamic Acid (or Pangamate)==
This compound was patented in the 1950s by the Krebses, who then termed it vitamin B15 themselves. It is not recognized as a vitamin[4] as it not essential to life – in fact there is no scientific evidence[5] of any real nutritional value. There is also no data to support the various claims made by Krebs of pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’.

According to the FDA[6], there is no accepted chemical identity for pangamic acid that has been determined, and as such it is considered “not an identifiable substance”. Suppliers have been known to sell different chemical compounds all under the name ‘pangamic acid’. Due to the dubious nature of pangamic acid, the FDA has made attempts to take it off the market entirely, and has recommended the seizure of any chemicals being advertised as pangamic acid.

There is also no proven way of manufacturing what Krebs claims is pangamic acid[7] – attempts by other researchers to synthesise it using Krebs’ patented method all proved unsuccessful, which demonstrates that the supposed method is not reproducible or reliable.

Pangamic acid does appear to be quite popular in the athletic community as somewhat of a ‘natural performance enhancer’, with claims it can improve exercise endurance[8]. However, in a double-blind study by Northern Kentucky University[9][10], it was concluded that pangamic acid does not improve short-term exercise performance.

In conclusion, despite claims for pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’, all evidence of this appears to be purely anecdotal and not backed by proper research. In fact, Krebs has even been labelled a conman[11], and has promoted several substances as cancer cures and cure-alls. There is also evidence to suggest that pangamic acid is actually unsafe – an assay has shown that chemicals like pangamic acid have a 90% probability of being carcinogenic[12].

''Due to all the controversy surrounding it, G&G will not supply, or manufacture products marketed as containing, pangamic acid or any derivative thereof. This also extends to products marketed as B15.''

==Dimethylglycine (DMG)==
Upon the discovery of DMG, it was referred to as vitamin B16. It has also been labelled alongside pangamic acid as B15[13]. However, it cannot be classified as a vitamin as it is made by the human body, and it is not essential to life. DMG has many supposed uses[14], however there is little to no scientific evidence to support these claims. As an example, one alleged benefit of DMG is the treatment of autism spectrum disorders - however in a double-blind study[15], there was no significant change seen in children treated with DMG.

Although DMG does not appear to have any proven health benefits itself, it does have a link to the amino acid Glycine. Amino acids are the building blocks of life; all living things need amino acids to carry out bodily functions. A study performed on pregnant women[16] discovered that DMG helps to contribute Glycine to human development. DMG is also being studied with promising potential as an addition to vaccines and other immunotherapies as a way to make these treatments more effective[17][18].

DMG doesn’t seem to have any controversies surrounding it like pangamic acid does, and is safe to supplement when used short-term. The safety of long-term use has yet to be fully determined. There have been no extensive studies into the possible effects of supplementing DMG in pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, so it would be advised to avoid its use in these circumstances[19][20].

''G&G is willing to supply, or manufacture products containing, DMG – unless the product is marketed towards those who are pregnant or breast-feeding. G&G is also willing to manufacture products marketed as B16 if they contain DMG.''
----
'''References'''
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 18/01/2023
# B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
# Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS (www.nhs.uk)
# PANGAMIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews (webmd.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Pangamic acid (“vitamin B15”) | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic (oup.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# CPG Sec. 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use | FDA Accessed 19/01/2023
# Controversies in nutrition : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Accessed 19/01/2023
# Pangamic Acid: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (rxlist.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# The effect of pangamic acid on maximal treadmill performance - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle.pdf (tahomaclinic.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Ernst T. Krebs - Wikipedia Accessed 19/01/2023
# Vitamin B15—whatever it is, it won't help | JAMA | JAMA Network Accessed 19/01/2023
# Earl Mindell’s New Vitamin Bible (2011 Reprint)
# Dimethylglycine | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (mskcc.org) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# DIMETHYLGLYCINE (DMG): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews (webmd.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Dimethylglycine: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (rxlist.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
[[Category:Ingredients]]

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)

2023-02-10T10:57:40Z

Ellie Poynton:

==Summary==
Pangamic acid, which has also been referred to as B15, has no widely accepted chemical identity - it is considered <q>not an identifiable substance</q> by the FDA. Different substances have all been sold under the name <q>Pangamic acid</q>. There is also some evidence to suggest Pangamic acid could be dangerous and potentially carcinogenic.

''Due the dubious nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

In some texts, Pangamic acid and Dimethylglycine (DMG) are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamins B15 and B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamins B15 and B16 are not recognised as vitamins[2][3], as they are not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 or B16 if they contain the appropriate ingredients.

We can refer to these by their chemical names - B15; Pangamic Acid, and B16; Dimethylglycine.
==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Pangamic Acid (or Pangamate)==
This compound was patented in the 1950s by the Krebses, who then termed it vitamin B15 themselves. It is not recognized as a vitamin[4] as it not essential to life – in fact there is no scientific evidence[5] of any real nutritional value. There is also no data to support the various claims made by Krebs of pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’.

According to the FDA[6], there is no accepted chemical identity for pangamic acid that has been determined, and as such it is considered “not an identifiable substance”. Suppliers have been known to sell different chemical compounds all under the name ‘pangamic acid’. Due to the dubious nature of pangamic acid, the FDA has made attempts to take it off the market entirely, and has recommended the seizure of any chemicals being advertised as pangamic acid.

There is also no proven way of manufacturing what Krebs claims is pangamic acid[7] – attempts by other researchers to synthesise it using Krebs’ patented method all proved unsuccessful, which demonstrates that the supposed method is not reproducible or reliable.

Pangamic acid does appear to be quite popular in the athletic community as somewhat of a ‘natural performance enhancer’, with claims it can improve exercise endurance[8]. However, in a double-blind study by Northern Kentucky University[9][10], it was concluded that pangamic acid does not improve short-term exercise performance.

In conclusion, despite claims for pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’, all evidence of this appears to be purely anecdotal and not backed by proper research. In fact, Krebs has even been labelled a conman[11], and has promoted several substances as cancer cures and cure-alls. There is also evidence to suggest that pangamic acid is actually unsafe – an assay has shown that chemicals like pangamic acid have a 90% probability of being carcinogenic[12].

''Due to all the controversy surrounding it, G&G will not supply, or manufacture products marketed as containing, pangamic acid or any derivative thereof. This also extends to products marketed as B15.''

==Dimethylglycine (DMG)==
Upon the discovery of DMG, it was referred to as vitamin B16. It has also been labelled alongside pangamic acid as B15[13]. However, it cannot be classified as a vitamin as it is made by the human body, and it is not essential to life. DMG has many supposed uses[14], however there is little to no scientific evidence to support these claims. As an example, one alleged benefit of DMG is the treatment of autism spectrum disorders - however in a double-blind study[15], there was no significant change seen in children treated with DMG.

Although DMG does not appear to have any proven health benefits itself, it does have a link to the amino acid Glycine. Amino acids are the building blocks of life; all living things need amino acids to carry out bodily functions. A study performed on pregnant women[16] discovered that DMG helps to contribute Glycine to human development. DMG is also being studied with promising potential as an addition to vaccines and other immunotherapies as a way to make these treatments more effective[17][18].

DMG doesn’t seem to have any controversies surrounding it like pangamic acid does, and is safe to supplement when used short-term. The safety of long-term use has yet to be fully determined. There have been no extensive studies into the possible effects of supplementing DMG in pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, so it would be advised to avoid its use in these circumstances[19][20].

''G&G is willing to supply, or manufacture products containing, DMG – unless the product is marketed towards those who are pregnant or breast-feeding. G&G is also willing to manufacture products marketed as B16 if they contain DMG.''
----
'''References'''
# [https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health] Accessed 18/01/2023
# B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
# Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS (www.nhs.uk)
# PANGAMIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews (webmd.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Pangamic acid (“vitamin B15”) | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic (oup.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# CPG Sec. 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use | FDA Accessed 19/01/2023
# Controversies in nutrition : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Accessed 19/01/2023
# Pangamic Acid: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (rxlist.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# The effect of pangamic acid on maximal treadmill performance - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle.pdf (tahomaclinic.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Ernst T. Krebs - Wikipedia Accessed 19/01/2023
# Vitamin B15—whatever it is, it won't help | JAMA | JAMA Network Accessed 19/01/2023
# Earl Mindell’s New Vitamin Bible (2011 Reprint)
# Dimethylglycine | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (mskcc.org) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# DIMETHYLGLYCINE (DMG): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews (webmd.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Dimethylglycine: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (rxlist.com) Accessed 19/01/2023

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)

2023-02-10T10:47:06Z

Ellie Poynton:

==Summary==
Pangamic acid, which has also been referred to as B15, has no widely accepted chemical identity - it is considered <q>not an identifiable substance</q> by the FDA. Different substances have all been sold under the name <q>Pangamic acid</q>. There is also some evidence to suggest Pangamic acid could be dangerous and potentially carcinogenic.

''Due the dubious nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

In some texts, Pangamic acid and Dimethylglycine (DMG) are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamins B15 and B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamins B15 and B16 are not recognised as vitamins[2][3], as they are not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 or B16 if they contain the appropriate ingredients.

We can refer to these by their chemical names - B15; Pangamic Acid, and B16; Dimethylglycine.
==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts.

Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

[[File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png|caption]]

==Pangamic Acid (or Pangamate)==
This compound was patented in the 1950s by the Krebses, who then termed it vitamin B15 themselves. It is not recognized as a vitamin[4] as it not essential to life – in fact there is no scientific evidence[5] of any real nutritional value. There is also no data to support the various claims made by Krebs of pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’.

According to the FDA[6], there is no accepted chemical identity for pangamic acid that has been determined, and as such it is considered “not an identifiable substance”. Suppliers have been known to sell different chemical compounds all under the name ‘pangamic acid’. Due to the dubious nature of pangamic acid, the FDA has made attempts to take it off the market entirely, and has recommended the seizure of any chemicals being advertised as pangamic acid.

There is also no proven way of manufacturing what Krebs claims is pangamic acid[7] – attempts by other researchers to synthesise it using Krebs’ patented method all proved unsuccessful, which demonstrates that the supposed method is not reproducible or reliable.

Pangamic acid does appear to be quite popular in the athletic community as somewhat of a ‘natural performance enhancer’, with claims it can improve exercise endurance[8]. However, in a double-blind study by Northern Kentucky University[9][10], it was concluded that pangamic acid does not improve short-term exercise performance.

In conclusion, despite claims for pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’, all evidence of this appears to be purely anecdotal and not backed by proper research. In fact, Krebs has even been labelled a conman[11], and has promoted several substances as cancer cures and cure-alls. There is also evidence to suggest that pangamic acid is actually unsafe – an assay has shown that chemicals like pangamic acid have a 90% probability of being carcinogenic[12].

''Due to all the controversy surrounding it, G&G will not supply, or manufacture products marketed as containing, pangamic acid or any derivative thereof. This also extends to products marketed as B15.''

==Dimethylglycine (DMG)==
Upon the discovery of DMG, it was referred to as vitamin B16. It has also been labelled alongside pangamic acid as B15[13]. However, it cannot be classified as a vitamin as it is made by the human body, and it is not essential to life. DMG has many supposed uses[14], however there is little to no scientific evidence to support these claims. As an example, one alleged benefit of DMG is the treatment of autism spectrum disorders - however in a double-blind study[15], there was no significant change seen in children treated with DMG.

Although DMG does not appear to have any proven health benefits itself, it does have a link to the amino acid Glycine. Amino acids are the building blocks of life; all living things need amino acids to carry out bodily functions. A study performed on pregnant women[16] discovered that DMG helps to contribute Glycine to human development. DMG is also being studied with promising potential as an addition to vaccines and other immunotherapies as a way to make these treatments more effective[17][18].

DMG doesn’t seem to have any controversies surrounding it like pangamic acid does, and is safe to supplement when used short-term. The safety of long-term use has yet to be fully determined. There have been no extensive studies into the possible effects of supplementing DMG in pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, so it would be advised to avoid its use in these circumstances[19][20].

''G&G is willing to supply, or manufacture products containing, DMG – unless the product is marketed towards those who are pregnant or breast-feeding. G&G is also willing to manufacture products marketed as B16 if they contain DMG.''
----
'''References'''
# Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Accessed 18/01/2023
# B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
# Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS (www.nhs.uk)
# PANGAMIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews (webmd.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Pangamic acid (“vitamin B15”) | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic (oup.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# CPG Sec. 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use | FDA Accessed 19/01/2023
# Controversies in nutrition : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Accessed 19/01/2023
# Pangamic Acid: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (rxlist.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# The effect of pangamic acid on maximal treadmill performance - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle.pdf (tahomaclinic.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Ernst T. Krebs - Wikipedia Accessed 19/01/2023
# Vitamin B15—whatever it is, it won't help | JAMA | JAMA Network Accessed 19/01/2023
# Earl Mindell’s New Vitamin Bible (2011 Reprint)
# Dimethylglycine | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (mskcc.org) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# DIMETHYLGLYCINE (DMG): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews (webmd.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Dimethylglycine: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (rxlist.com) Accessed 19/01/2023

File:DMG Pangamic Acid.png

2023-02-10T10:40:17Z

Ellie Poynton:

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)

2023-02-10T10:38:38Z

Ellie Poynton: /* Vitamin B15 - Pangamic Acid (or Pangamate) */

==Summary==
Pangamic acid, which has also been referred to as B15, has no widely accepted chemical identity - it is considered <q>not an identifiable substance</q> by the FDA. Different substances have all been sold under the name <q>Pangamic acid</q>. There is also some evidence to suggest Pangamic acid could be dangerous and potentially carcinogenic.

''Due the dubious nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

In some texts, Pangamic acid and Dimethylglycine (DMG) are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamins B15 and B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamins B15 and B16 are not recognised as vitamins[2][3], as they are not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 or B16 if they contain the appropriate ingredients.

We can refer to these by their chemical names - B15; Pangamic Acid, and B16; Dimethylglycine.
==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts. Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

==Pangamic Acid (or Pangamate)==
This compound was patented in the 1950s by the Krebses, who then termed it vitamin B15 themselves. It is not recognized as a vitamin[4] as it not essential to life – in fact there is no scientific evidence[5] of any real nutritional value. There is also no data to support the various claims made by Krebs of pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’.

According to the FDA[6], there is no accepted chemical identity for pangamic acid that has been determined, and as such it is considered “not an identifiable substance”. Suppliers have been known to sell different chemical compounds all under the name ‘pangamic acid’. Due to the dubious nature of pangamic acid, the FDA has made attempts to take it off the market entirely, and has recommended the seizure of any chemicals being advertised as pangamic acid.

There is also no proven way of manufacturing what Krebs claims is pangamic acid[7] – attempts by other researchers to synthesise it using Krebs’ patented method all proved unsuccessful, which demonstrates that the supposed method is not reproducible or reliable.

Pangamic acid does appear to be quite popular in the athletic community as somewhat of a ‘natural performance enhancer’, with claims it can improve exercise endurance[8]. However, in a double-blind study by Northern Kentucky University[9][10], it was concluded that pangamic acid does not improve short-term exercise performance.

In conclusion, despite claims for pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’, all evidence of this appears to be purely anecdotal and not backed by proper research. In fact, Krebs has even been labelled a conman[11], and has promoted several substances as cancer cures and cure-alls. There is also evidence to suggest that pangamic acid is actually unsafe – an assay has shown that chemicals like pangamic acid have a 90% probability of being carcinogenic[12].

''Due to all the controversy surrounding it, G&G will not supply, or manufacture products marketed as containing, pangamic acid or any derivative thereof. This also extends to products marketed as B15.''

==Dimethylglycine (DMG)==
Upon the discovery of DMG, it was referred to as vitamin B16. It has also been labelled alongside pangamic acid as B15[13]. However, it cannot be classified as a vitamin as it is made by the human body, and it is not essential to life. DMG has many supposed uses[14], however there is little to no scientific evidence to support these claims. As an example, one alleged benefit of DMG is the treatment of autism spectrum disorders - however in a double-blind study[15], there was no significant change seen in children treated with DMG.

Although DMG does not appear to have any proven health benefits itself, it does have a link to the amino acid Glycine. Amino acids are the building blocks of life; all living things need amino acids to carry out bodily functions. A study performed on pregnant women[16] discovered that DMG helps to contribute Glycine to human development. DMG is also being studied with promising potential as an addition to vaccines and other immunotherapies as a way to make these treatments more effective[17][18].

DMG doesn’t seem to have any controversies surrounding it like pangamic acid does, and is safe to supplement when used short-term. The safety of long-term use has yet to be fully determined. There have been no extensive studies into the possible effects of supplementing DMG in pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, so it would be advised to avoid its use in these circumstances[19][20].

''G&G is willing to supply, or manufacture products containing, DMG – unless the product is marketed towards those who are pregnant or breast-feeding. G&G is also willing to manufacture products marketed as B16 if they contain DMG.''
----
'''References'''
# Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Accessed 18/01/2023
# B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
# Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS (www.nhs.uk)
# PANGAMIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews (webmd.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Pangamic acid (“vitamin B15”) | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic (oup.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# CPG Sec. 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use | FDA Accessed 19/01/2023
# Controversies in nutrition : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Accessed 19/01/2023
# Pangamic Acid: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (rxlist.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# The effect of pangamic acid on maximal treadmill performance - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle.pdf (tahomaclinic.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Ernst T. Krebs - Wikipedia Accessed 19/01/2023
# Vitamin B15—whatever it is, it won't help | JAMA | JAMA Network Accessed 19/01/2023
# Earl Mindell’s New Vitamin Bible (2011 Reprint)
# Dimethylglycine | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (mskcc.org) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# DIMETHYLGLYCINE (DMG): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews (webmd.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Dimethylglycine: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (rxlist.com) Accessed 19/01/2023

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid)

2023-02-10T10:37:46Z

Ellie Poynton: Created page with "==Summary== Pangamic acid, which has also been referred to as B15, has no widely accepted chemical identity - it is considered <q>not an identifiable substance</q> by the FDA. Different substances have all been sold under the name <q>Pangamic acid</q>. There is also some evidence to suggest Pangamic acid could be dangerous and potentially carcinogenic. ''Due the dubious nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15..."

==Summary==
Pangamic acid, which has also been referred to as B15, has no widely accepted chemical identity - it is considered <q>not an identifiable substance</q> by the FDA. Different substances have all been sold under the name <q>Pangamic acid</q>. There is also some evidence to suggest Pangamic acid could be dangerous and potentially carcinogenic.

''Due the dubious nature of pangamic acid (B15), G&G will not supply or manufacture products marketed as containing B15 or pangamic acid.''

In some texts, Pangamic acid and Dimethylglycine (DMG) are referred to interchangeably. However, they are two different chemicals.

''G&G is willing to supply or manufacture DMG and products marketed as B16.''

For a deeper look into this topic, please see the research laid out below.
----
==Vitamins B15 and B16==
For something to be classified as a vitamin it must meet two criteria: it must be essential for life, and it must not be manufactured by the body[1] (either at all, or only in negligible quantities). Typically, we take vitamins into our diet through foods or supplements.

According to this criteria, vitamins B15 and B16 are not recognised as vitamins[2][3], as they are not essential to the regular function of the human body, or can be created by the human body. However, products can be marketed as B15 or B16 if they contain the appropriate ingredients.

We can refer to these by their chemical names - B15; Pangamic Acid, and B16; Dimethylglycine.
==Pangamic Acid vs. Dimethylglycine==
There has been some confusion between the two, with both being referred to interchangeably in some texts. Pangamic acid is a derivative of dimethylglycine – when dimethylglycine is combined with gluconic acid, the result is pangamic acid.

==Vitamin B15 - Pangamic Acid (or Pangamate)==
This compound was patented in the 1950s by the Krebses, who then termed it vitamin B15 themselves. It is not recognized as a vitamin[4] as it not essential to life – in fact there is no scientific evidence[5] of any real nutritional value. There is also no data to support the various claims made by Krebs of pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’.

According to the FDA[6], there is no accepted chemical identity for pangamic acid that has been determined, and as such it is considered “not an identifiable substance”. Suppliers have been known to sell different chemical compounds all under the name ‘pangamic acid’. Due to the dubious nature of pangamic acid, the FDA has made attempts to take it off the market entirely, and has recommended the seizure of any chemicals being advertised as pangamic acid.

There is also no proven way of manufacturing what Krebs claims is pangamic acid[7] – attempts by other researchers to synthesise it using Krebs’ patented method all proved unsuccessful, which demonstrates that the supposed method is not reproducible or reliable.

Pangamic acid does appear to be quite popular in the athletic community as somewhat of a ‘natural performance enhancer’, with claims it can improve exercise endurance[8]. However, in a double-blind study by Northern Kentucky University[9][10], it was concluded that pangamic acid does not improve short-term exercise performance.

In conclusion, despite claims for pangamic acid as a ‘cure-all’, all evidence of this appears to be purely anecdotal and not backed by proper research. In fact, Krebs has even been labelled a conman[11], and has promoted several substances as cancer cures and cure-alls. There is also evidence to suggest that pangamic acid is actually unsafe – an assay has shown that chemicals like pangamic acid have a 90% probability of being carcinogenic[12].

''Due to all the controversy surrounding it, G&G will not supply, or manufacture products marketed as containing, pangamic acid or any derivative thereof. This also extends to products marketed as B15.''

==Dimethylglycine (DMG)==
Upon the discovery of DMG, it was referred to as vitamin B16. It has also been labelled alongside pangamic acid as B15[13]. However, it cannot be classified as a vitamin as it is made by the human body, and it is not essential to life. DMG has many supposed uses[14], however there is little to no scientific evidence to support these claims. As an example, one alleged benefit of DMG is the treatment of autism spectrum disorders - however in a double-blind study[15], there was no significant change seen in children treated with DMG.

Although DMG does not appear to have any proven health benefits itself, it does have a link to the amino acid Glycine. Amino acids are the building blocks of life; all living things need amino acids to carry out bodily functions. A study performed on pregnant women[16] discovered that DMG helps to contribute Glycine to human development. DMG is also being studied with promising potential as an addition to vaccines and other immunotherapies as a way to make these treatments more effective[17][18].

DMG doesn’t seem to have any controversies surrounding it like pangamic acid does, and is safe to supplement when used short-term. The safety of long-term use has yet to be fully determined. There have been no extensive studies into the possible effects of supplementing DMG in pregnant or breast-feeding individuals, so it would be advised to avoid its use in these circumstances[19][20].

''G&G is willing to supply, or manufacture products containing, DMG – unless the product is marketed towards those who are pregnant or breast-feeding. G&G is also willing to manufacture products marketed as B16 if they contain DMG.''
----
'''References'''
# Vitamins and Minerals | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Accessed 18/01/2023
# B Vitamins | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
# Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid - NHS (www.nhs.uk)
# PANGAMIC ACID: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews (webmd.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Pangamic acid (“vitamin B15”) | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic (oup.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# CPG Sec. 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use | FDA Accessed 19/01/2023
# Controversies in nutrition : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Accessed 19/01/2023
# Pangamic Acid: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (rxlist.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# The effect of pangamic acid on maximal treadmill performance - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Gray 1982 - B15 Myth or Miracle.pdf (tahomaclinic.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Ernst T. Krebs - Wikipedia Accessed 19/01/2023
# Vitamin B15—whatever it is, it won't help | JAMA | JAMA Network Accessed 19/01/2023
# Earl Mindell’s New Vitamin Bible (2011 Reprint)
# Dimethylglycine | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (mskcc.org) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Relationship of dimethylglycine, choline, and betaine with oxoproline in plasma of pregnant women and their newborn infants - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Stimulation of the immune response by dimethylglycine, a nontoxic metabolite - PubMed (nih.gov) Accessed 19/01/2023
# DIMETHYLGLYCINE (DMG): Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews (webmd.com) Accessed 19/01/2023
# Dimethylglycine: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (rxlist.com) Accessed 19/01/2023